高纯半绝缘SiC电阻率影响因素

采用物理气相传输(PVT)法进行高纯半绝缘SiC晶体生长,利用高温真空解吸附以及在系统中通入HCl和H2的方法,有效降低了系统中N、B和Al等杂质的背景浓度。使用二次离子质谱(SIMS)对晶体中杂质浓度测试,N、B和Al浓度分别小于1×1016、1×1015和2×1014 cm-3。对加工得到的晶片进行测试,全片的电阻率均在1×1010Ω·cm以上,微管密度小于0.02 cm-2,(004)衍射面的X射线摇摆曲线半高宽为34″。结果表明,该方法可以有效降低SiC晶体中N、B和Al等杂质浓度,提升SiC晶片的电阻率。使用该方法成功制备了4英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)高纯半绝缘4H-SiC晶体。     

Strain‐rate‐dependent mechanical properties of polypropylene separator for lithium‐ion batteries

The mechanical integrity of battery separators is critical for battery safety and durability. A comprehensive study of strain‐rate‐dependent tensile and puncture properties of a polypropylene lithium‐ion battery separator is presented here with a new model. Due to anisotropy of the polymeric membrane, tensile testing was conducted for different directions. Results showed that tensile strength and elastic modulus were increased 1000% and 500%, respectively, for different directions. It was also demonstrated that tensile strength changed 10 to 25% with strain rate (1.67 × 10^?4 to 1.67 × 10^?1 s^?1) for different directions. An equation was obtained for the first time for flow stress versus strain rate at varied tensile directions with respect to machine direction. Moreover, puncture testing was performed and it was shown that puncture strength was increased 140% with increasing strain rate from 0.25 to 250 mm min^?1. Two failure modes were also observed in puncture samples. Finally, Eyring's model was used to calculate activation enthalpy of the porous polypropylene separator. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

前置除磷优化及对多级缺氧一好氧工艺的影响

为强化厌氧-多级缺氧-好氧(A-MAO)工艺,满足GB 3838-2002的地表IV水体要求,本研究对FeCl3、Fe2(SO4)3和聚合硫酸铁(PFS)3种铁盐前置化学除磷对TP、COD的去除效果和产泥量进行研究,并考察了前置化学除磷与A-MAO工艺耦合投加量。结果表明,FeCl3和Fe2(SO4)3对TP和SS去除可达到地表IV水体要求,并明显好于PFS;FeCl3对COD的去除和产泥量最多;与FeCl3相比,Fe2(SO4)3具有较好的COD保存能力,且产泥量少。AMAO工艺使用Fe2(SO4)3前置化学除磷,导致TN含量不达GB 18918-2002要求,优化的化学生物除磷耦合投加量为130 mg/L。     

Interlayer Engineering of Molybdenum Trioxide toward High‐Capacity and Stable Sodium Ion Half/Full Batteries

Orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) is one of the most promising anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries because of its rich chemistry associated with multiple valence states and intriguing layered structure. However, MoO₃ still suffers from the low rate capability and poor cycle induced by pulverization during de/sodiation. An ingenious two‐step synthesis strategy to fine tune the layer structure of MoO₃ targeting stable and fast sodium ionic diffusion channels is reported here. By integrating partially reduction and organic molecule intercalation methodologies, the interlayer spacing of MoO₃ is remarkably enlarged to 10.40 Å and the layer structural integration are reinforced by dimercapto groups of bismuththiol molecules. Comprehensive characterizations and density functional theory calculations prove that the intercalated bismuththiol (DMcT) molecules substantially enhanced electronic conductivity and effectively shield the electrostatic interaction between Na⁺ and the MoO₃ host by conjugated double bond, resulting in improved Na⁺ insertion/extraction kinetics. Benefiting from these features, the newly devised layered MoO₃ electrode achieves excellent long‐term cycling stability and outstanding rate performance. These achievements are of vital significance for the preparation of sodium‐ion battery anode materials with high‐rate capability and long cycling life using intercalation chemistry.     

Experimental and optimization of material synthesis process parameters for improving capacity of lithium‐ion battery

New methods for synthesis of active materials have been developed to improve capacity and cycle life performance of lithium‐ion batteries. Past studies have focused on routes of development of materials and new processes, which might not be economical for large‐scale production. In this regard, this study examines a widely employed carbothermal reduction technology for the synthesis of lithium‐iron phosphate (LiFePO₄/C) and investigates effects of process conditions during this synthesis on final battery performance. An experimental combined genetic programming approach is used to model the effects of crucial process conditions (sintering time, the carbon content, and the sintering temperature) on the discharge capacity of the assembled battery. Experiments are conducted to collect the discharge capacity data based on varying LiFePO₄/C synthesis conditions, and genetic programming is employed to develop a suitable functional relationship between them. The results show that the battery discharge capacity is controlled significantly by adjusting sintering temperature and carbon content, while the effect of sintering time is found to be insignificant. Further, the interaction effect of the sintering time and carbon content is much more obvious than that of the sintering time and the sintering temperature. The findings from the study pave the way for the optimum design of the synthesis process of LiFePO₄/C for a higher battery performance.     

Determination of chlorine ions in raw milk by pulsed amperometric detection in a flow injection system

Chloride ion concentration in milk was determined by pulsed amperometric detection in a flow injection system. Results showed that the Au electrode lost 3 electrons at 1.10 V and formed chloroaurate ions (AuCl₄^?) by combining with chloride ions, after which AuCl₄^? was partly reduced to Au at 0.6 V. Based on the electrochemical process, a triple waveform with detection potential of 1.15 V, detection time of 150 ms, oxidation potential of 1.4 V, oxidation time of 550 ms, reduction potential of 0 V, and reduction time of 400 ms was applied to the Au electrode for detecting chloride ion concentration in milk. The approach is rapid and automatic and features a detection limit of 0.005 g/L. The relative standard deviation obtained by 60 repetitive injections reached 1.48% at 2 g/L of NaCl. The method developed using the Au electrode without modification was used to analyze the chloride ion concentration in raw milk without preprocessing. The method showed good agreement with potentiometric titration.     

离子色谱-脉冲安培法测定饮料中的聚葡萄糖的含量

通过优化标准方法AOAC 2000.11和GB 5009.245-2016的样品前处理过程，简单、高效准确地分析饮料中添加的聚葡萄糖含量。方法 样品经离心超滤净化，去除基质干扰，采用色谱柱分离，离子色谱-脉冲安培检测器测定，外标法定量。结果 聚葡萄糖在0.20 ~ 2.00 g/L的浓度范围内呈良好线性关系 (R2 > 0.999)。方法检出限和定量限分别为0.01 和0.03 g/L，三个添加水平的平均加标回收率为90.0%~98.8%，相对标准偏差为0.63%~2.36%。同时考察了市场上10种不同品类的饮料，加标回收率为93.0%-105%。结论 本方法样品前处理简单、快速、广泛适用于饮料中添加的聚葡萄糖含量测定。     

Controlled Individual Skyrmion Nucleation at Artificial Defects Formed by Ion Irradiation

Magnetic skyrmions are particle‐like deformations in a magnetic texture. They have great potential as information carriers in spintronic devices because of their interesting topological properties and favorable motion under spin currents. A new method of nucleating skyrmions at nanoscale defect sites, created in a controlled manner with focused ion beam irradiation, in polycrystalline magnetic multilayer samples with an interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, is reported. This new method has three notable advantages: 1) localization of nucleation; 2) stability over a larger range of external field strengths, including stability at zero field; and 3) existence of skyrmions in material systems where, prior to defect fabrication, skyrmions were not previously obtained by field cycling. Additionally, it is observed that the size of defect nucleated skyrmions is uninfluenced by the defect itself—provided that the artificial defects are controlled to be smaller than the inherent skyrmion size. All of these characteristics are expected to be useful toward the goal of realizing a skyrmion‐based spintronic device. This phenomenon is studied with a range of transmission electron microscopy techniques to probe quantitatively the magnetic behavior at the defects with applied field and correlate this with the structural impact of the defects.     

Current advances concerning the most cited metal ions doped bioceramics and silicate-based bioactive glasses for bone tissue engineering

Studies related to biomaterials that stimulate the repair of living tissue have increased considerably, improving the quality of many people's lives that require surgery due to traumatic accidents, bone diseases, bone defects, and reconstructions. Among these biomaterials, bioceramics and bioactive glasses (BGs) have proved to be suitable for coating materials, cement, scaffolds, and nanoparticles, once they present good biocompatibility and degradability, able to generate osteoconduction on the surrounding tissue. However, the role of biomaterials in hard tissue engineering is not restricted to a structural replacement or for guiding tissue regeneration. Nowadays, it is expected that biomaterials develop a multifunctional role when implanted, orchestrating the process of tissue regeneration and providing to the body the capacity to heal itself. In this way, the incorporation of specific metal ions in bioceramics and BGs structure, including magnesium, silver, strontium, lithium, copper, iron, zinc, cobalt, and manganese are currently receiving enhanced interest as biomaterials for biomedical applications. When an ion is incorporated into the bioceramic structure, a new category of material is created, which has several unique properties that overcome the disadvantages of primitive material and favors its use in different biomedical applications. The doping can enhance handling properties, angiogenic and osteogenic performance, and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the effect of selected metal ion dopants into bioceramics and silicate-based BGs in bone tissue engineering. Furthermore, new applications for doped bioceramics and BGs are highlighted, including cancer treatment and drug delivery.